Propriedades psicométricas da Impact of Event Scale no contexto da COVID-19 / Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale in the COVID-19 context / Propiedades psicométricas de la Impact of Event Scale en el contexto del COVID-19

A pandemia da COVID -19 tornou-se um dos eventos de vida mais impactantes da experiência humana contemporânea. Este estudo examinou as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão da Impact of Event Scale, medida de sofrimento subjetivo relacionada aos eventos estressantes de vida, adaptada ad hoc ao contexto pandêmico. Participaram 318 moradores do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, que foram divididos aleatoriamente em duas amostras. Os escores do primeiro grupo foram submetidos à Análise Fatorial Exploratória, que extraiu uma solução de dois fatores: Pensamentos Intrusivos e Evitativos. No segundo, foi testado um modelo de dois fatores oblíquos, por meio de Análise Fatorial Confirmatória, que apresentou um bom ajuste aos dados. Os resultados também indicaram evidências de validade convergente, validade discriminativa e consistência interna as duas dimensões da escala. Uma Análise de Regressão indicou os Pensamentos Intrusivos da IES como principal preditor de Afetividade Negativa, evidência de validade de critério. Foram encontradas evidências suficientes de validade e fidedignidade para a IES adaptada ao contexto da COVID-19.(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the most impactful life events in recent human experience. This study examined the psychometric properties of a version of the Impact of Event Scale, a measure of subjective suffering related to stressful life events, adapted ad hoc to the pandemic context. A total of 318 residents of Rio de Janeiro / RJ took part in the study, and were randomly divided into two samples. The scores of the first group were submitted to Exploratory Factor Analysis, which extracted a solution of two factors: Intrusive Thoughts and Avoidant Thoughts. In the second, a model of two oblique factors was tested, through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which presented a good fit to the data, evidence of convergent validity, discriminative validity and internal consistency for the two dimensions of the scale. Regression Analysis indicated the IES's Intrusive Thoughts as the main predictor of Negative Affectivity, providing evidence of criterion validity. Sufficient evidence of validity and reliability was found for the IES adapted to the context of COVID-19.(AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 se ha convertido en uno de los eventos de vida más impactantes en la experiencia humana contemporánea. Este estudio examinó las propiedades psicométricas de una versión de la Impact of Event Scale, una medida del sufrimiento subjetivo relacionado con eventos vitales estresantes, adaptada ad hoc al contexto de la pandemia. Participaron 318 habitantes de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro, que fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos muestras. Las puntuaciones del primer grupo se sometieron al Análisis Factorial Exploratorio, que extrajo una solución de dos factores: Pensamientos Intrusivos y Evitativos. En el segundo, se probó un modelo bifactorial oblicuo, mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos. Los resultados también indicaron evidencias de validez convergentes, validez discriminativa y consistencia interna en las dos dimensiones de la escala. Un Análisis de Regresión indicó que los Pensamientos Intrusivos son el principal predictor de Afectividad Negativa, evidencia de validez de criterio. Se encontró evidencias suficientes de validez y fiabilidad para la IES adaptada al contexto del COVID-19.(AU)

Prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among School-age Adolescent

Aim: After a traumatic event, the person can develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of PTSD in adolescents in public middle schools of the prefecture of Salé in Morocco and study anxiety and depression which are the comorbid disorders of the PTSD. The survey was carried out from March to June 2017.Methods: 523 students were selected by the cross-sectional method from fifteen schools that were randomly selected, the age of the students vary between 12 and 17 years. For the survey, standardized questionnaires (the socio-demographic data, the Life Events Checklist, the CPTS-RI (Children's Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index), the STAIY (State Trait Inventory Anxiety Form Y) and the CDI (Children Depression Inventory) were used which were filled in by the students Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 70.4% in the students who have PTSD. We found that the prevalence in boys was 46.74%, while in girls it was 53.26%. In addition to that, 81% of students found to be anxious and 51.8% of students have depression. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder among adolescents, there are practical implications for the support and care of these adolescents

The first instrument for complex PTSD assessment: psychometric properties of the ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire

Objective: The ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) was developed as a joint effort by researchers from several countries to evaluate post-traumatic stress (PTSD) and complex-PTSD (C-PTSD) symptoms. This study is part of a multi-center international collaborative research project that aims to provide psychometric support for this initial instrument in different languages, considering the specific contexts related to complex traumatization. This study verified the psychometric characteristics of the Portuguese version of the ITQ, evaluating symptoms beyond those described the existing literature. Methods: We examined the results of a convenience sample totaling 268 Portuguese and Angolan participants. Two instruments were applied: the ITQ, which evaluates symptoms resulting from a traumatic life event, and the Life Events Checklist (LEC), which evaluates stressful life events. The general characteristics of the scales are described, and reliability analysis and validity studies were performed. Results: Cronbach's alpha varied between 0.84 and 0.88, and the exploratory factorial analysis results were consistent with the concept of C-PTSD, with five components explaining 61.58% of scale variance. Conclusion: The results suggest good psychometric characteristics for the Portuguese version of the ITQ, and thus it can be included in protocols intended evaluating complex traumatic symptoms.

La violencia de la guerra: estrés postraumático, centralidad del evento, soledad y apoyo social / The violence of war: post-traumatic stress, centrality of the event, loneliness and social support

El presente artículo se propone realizar una revisión de aquellos trabajos que hayan conceptualizado y estudiado los constructos de Estrés Postraumático, Centralidad del Evento, Soledad y Apoyo Social principalmente en los contextos de guerra. Se intentará comprender las relaciones que se han establecido entre las diferentes variables a través de sus antecedentes, comprobando si la Centralidad del Evento, la Soledad y el Apoyo Social son variables que median el desarrollo de sintomatología de TEPT(AU)

This article proposes a review of those works that have conceptualized and studied the constructs of Post-Traumatic Stress, Centrality of the Event, Loneliness and Social Support mainly in the contexts of war. An attempt will be made to understand the relationships that have been established between the different variables through their background, checking whether the Centrality of the Event, Loneliness and Social Support are variables that mediate the development of PTSD symptoms(AU)

Analysis of Occurrence Mechanism of Moral Injury / 中国医学伦理学

The occurrence of moral injury begins with combat behaviors which break the ethical rules of fair-ness and justice, good and evil, and the value of life. Those behaviors effect on the moral intuition formed by indi-vidual moral beliefs, cultural traditions, and personality traits, and acts on the moral reasoning of the soldiers, thus this traumatic event is internalized into a moral event. And then the strength of the moral events or its re-experi-ence breaks through the tenacity of moral emotion, therefore the moral subject moves towards moral injury, which is manifested as self-condemnation, withdrawal, self-injury, killing, and other cognitive or emotional symptoms. As self-condemnation intensifies, the victim will fall into an increasingly vicious circle of moral injury. Mean-while, self-forgiveness means a way of restoration and reconciliation, which asks the victim to forgive himself and to adjust moral conflicts in time.

Prevention and Treatment of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders : Focusing on Psychosocial Interventions for Adult Patients / 신경정신의학

Each year many people are exposed to life-threatening disaster and traumatic events that put them at risk for trauma- and stressor-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. This report reviews research on the psychosocial interventions currently employed for the prevention and treatment of trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy, including cognitive therapy and prolonged exposure, has been shown to improve several outcomes. Considerable progress has also been made in the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders are associated with complex outcomes and multiple comorbid emotional, social, and physical health difficulties. Further advances are required in the intervention for populations with complex and chronic forms and in the development of integrated and well-related systems of care.

Prevalence And Factors Associated With Phobias Among Women

Objective: The present study is carried out to explore the factors associated with phobia, to compare the severity of phobias between cases (mentally ill women) and controls (never mentally ill) and to identify the factors predicting different types of phobias. Methods: A cross sectional study among female cases and controls is conducted. A sample of 150 female respondents including 30 cases and 120 controls is taken to assess the point prevalence of different types of phobias. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire was used to identify social phobia on a very severe, severe, moderate, mild and no phobia scale. Pearson chi square and spearman’s rank correlation was applied to assess the associations among different factors and various types of phobias. Results: The most common phobia among the population was Agrizoophobia (93%) followed by Agoraphobia (81%) and Taphophobia (74%). Among cases, age is was associated with Agoraphobia and Acrophobia, marital status of the respondent was associated with Agoraphobia and Acrophobia, marital status of father is associated with social phobia and Aichmophobia, traumatic event was associated with Mysophobia while family income was associated with Acrophobia and Aichmophobia. Age and Agoraphobia, and marital status and Acrophobia show significant results among controls. Multiple discriminant Analysis demonstrated that among cases, age was the best predictor in predicting Agoraphobia and Acrophobia , marital status of father was the best predictor in predicting Nosocomeophobia and traumatic event was the best predictor in predicting Mysophobia. Conclusion: Severe specific phobias are more prevalent among cases while controls suffer from mild specific phobias. Age, marital status of father and traumatic event in life are significant predictors for phobias.

A influência do luto no comportamento alimentar e suas implicações nas condutas nutricionais / The influence of mourning on feeding habits and its implications for nutritional behavior

O despreparo para lidar com a morte e com a ausência do ente querido pode implicar em reações orgânicas e psicológicas que, em decorrência da capacidade adaptativa do indivíduo ao período de luto, acaba por interferir na condição de alimentação e, consequentemente, no estado nutricional. Este artigo aborda os efeitos do luto recente no comportamento alimentar, seguindo-se da análise de alguns pontos de vista da entrevista dietética; da condição de nutrição e de alimentação pós-morte do ente querido; e das implicações desse processo na fome, na sede e na culinária familiar, com enfoque nas condutas nutricionais e nas decisões que os norteiam. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão de literatura na temática morte e luto, o qual objetiva contextualizar o tema em reflexões pautadas nessa vivência, enfatizando a interação da nutrição com a ciência da tanatologia, área ainda pouco explorada e carente de estudos. A identificação dessa influência e de suas implicações permite melhor planejamento das estratégias alimentares, contribuindo sobremaneira para ações de enfrentamento e de apoio ao luto.

The lack of preparation for dealing with death and the absence of the loved one may lead to organic and psychological reactions that, due to the adaptive capacity of the individual to the period of mourning, may result in interference in feeding habits and consequently on the person's nutritional status. This article addresses the effects of recent mourning on feeding behavior, followed by the analysis of the dietary interview from various standpoints. This includes the postmortem nutrition and feeding habits of the bereaved and the implications of this process on hunger, on thirst and on family cooking, with a focus on nutritional behavior and on the decisions that surround it. This is a review of the literature on the theme of death and mourning, which seeks to contextualize this theme around reflections based on this experience. It emphasizes the interaction of nutrition with the science of thanatology, which is an area still not properly examined and lacking study. The identification of this influence and its implications enables better planning of food strategies, contributing greatly to actions for coping and support during mourning.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Factors in Male Firefighters in a Metropolitan City / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related factors in male firefighters in Daegu, Korea. METHODS: A total of 1,261 firefighters from fire stations in Daegu were the subjects of this study. Each firefighter completed a questionnaire on general and occupational matters, experience of traumatic events, and impact of event scale (IES). The IES questionnaire was administered to subjects in order to determine the high risk group for PTSD. We calculated the IES score and determined that an individual was abnormal if the IES score was over 26. RESULTS: The average IES score of the firefighters was 11.0+/-14.3, and the prevalence of high risk firefighters with PTSD was 15.1%. It was found that 40 years of age, fire sergeant, and emergency medical service personnel showed higher prevalence of PTSD than other groups. The most experienced event among traumatic events was 'witness death of victims or patients'. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis for the high risk PTSD group showed that fire sergeant (OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.28~4.06), fire lieutenant (OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.14~5.37), fire captain (OR=2.88, 95% CI: 1.11~7.45), firefighting department (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.00~4.17), emergency medical service personnel (OR=3.68, 95% CI: 1.47~9.23), total frequency of traumatic events experienced (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.00~1.02), and total type of traumatic event experienced (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.25~1.46) were significant variables with regards to the reference group (fire fighter and administration department). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the prevalence of PTSD in firefighters is higher than that in the general population, and fire sergeant, fire lieutenant, fire captain, emergency medical service personnel, firefighting department, total frequency of traumatic events experienced, and total type of traumatic event experienced were significant variables for the PTSD high risk group.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Firefighters

Firefighters are much more likely to be exposed to traumatic events and consequently experience traumatic stress due to the nature of their job. Moreover, firefighters are at an increased risk of repeated exposures to traumatic events. Repeated exposures to traumatic events in firefighters lead to a greater likelihood of suffering from traumatic stress-related mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies from several countries have consistently reported higher prevalence rates of PTSD among firefighters. In addition to subjective suffering, PTSD is known to have adverse effects on social, occupational, and familial functionings in patients with PTSD. In the present paper, the authors reviewed the prevalence rates and adverse effects of PTSD on their lives among firefighters. We also present the review on factors affecting the occurrence of PTSD with brief description on how to prevent PTSD in firefighters.

A 3-Year Follow-Up Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among North Korean Defectors / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: This study is a follow-up of a first survey of 200 North Korean defectors who entered South Korea in 2001. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in the current prevalence of partial PTSD and full PTSD after 3 years and to evaluate related factors. METHODS: This study followed up on 151 of the 200 North Korean defectors from our first survey. 20 interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews and assisted defectors in completing a self-report assessment. The traumatic events which participants with chronic PTSD and delayed onset PTSD experienced were then examined. RESULTS: Over the 3 years, the current prevalence rate of partial PTSD was reduced from 31.8% to 5.3%, and the current prevalence rate of full PTSD was reduced from 27.2% to 4.0%. Of particular interest was that 88.8% of those diagnosed with full or partial PTSD in the first survey had recovered after 3 years. CONCLUSION: The current prevalence rate of partial and full PTSD rapidly decreased during 3 years.

The Epidemiological Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Area / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the epidemiology of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD), including information on lifetime and current prevalence, the kinds of traumas most often associated with PTSD, and sociodemographic correlates. METHOD: For this survey, an urban area with total population of 611,921 persons was chosen. Modified version of traumatic event checklist and Clinician Administered PTSD Scale were administrated to a representative sample of 850 persons aged 15 to 65 years above through home visiting. RESULTS: The lifetime and current prevalence of PTSD in survey area was 4.71% and 2.12%. the lifetime and current prevalence in male and female were of no significant statistical differences(p>.05). And the lifetime prevalence by age, and education were of no significant statistical differences. Only the lifetime prevalence by marital status was of significant statistical differences(p<0.001). The lifetime prevalence to any traumatic exposure was 78.79%. Sudden unexpected death of a close person was the most prevalent traumatic event(51.06%). Among the traumas, natural disaster, fire and explosion, motor vehicle accident, serious accident at work or home, physical assault, assault with a weapon, combat, life-threatening illness, and serious injury to death you caused to someone else were more commonly associated with male sex, and sexual assault was more commonly associated with female sex. The traumas commonly associated with PTSD were natural disaster, fire and explosion, motor vehicle accident, serious accident at work or home, physical assault, sexual assault, combat, and life-threatening illness. CONCLUSION: The lifetime and current prevalence in survey area were lower than those of previous studies. This study found differences between men and women on the type of trauma experienced, and the type of trauma associated with PTSD. Future epidemiological studies to assess PTSD from all lifetime traumas rather than from only a small number of retrospectively reported ones will be required, and larger sample size covering the country will be required for better estimation.